All women over 16 could be offered long-acting contraceptive jabs in a bid to cut unwanted pregnancies, it emerged this week. Women's Editor Lindsay Jennings looks at the pros and cons of the contraceptives on offer today.

IT has long posed a problem for governments - how to cut the number of unwanted pregnancies. But the Government could finally have an answer in the form of a long-acting contraceptive given by injection or implanted.

According to the NHS treatments watchdog, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), contraceptive implants or injections should be offered to all women seeking advice on contraception, and it believes this could save 70,000 unplanned pregnancies a year. The Northern Echo looks at the pros and cons of contraceptive injections and at other contraceptives available today.

INJECTION

Contains a slow-release store of synthetic progestogen, given by doctors. Lasts for up to 12 weeks. Works by stopping ovulation.

Pros - Almost 100 per cent effective. Relieves painful periods, can be used during breastfeeding and once administered, can be forgotten about.

Cons - Can take up to a year for the woman to become fertile again. Some women report side effects of mood changes, weight gain and fluid retention.

IMPLANTS

Last for up to three years. Inserted in arm by doctor.

Pros - At least 99 per cent effective. Good for women who forget to take pill every day.

Cons - Can cause side effects such as headache, weight gain and depression.

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

Hormonal skin patch worn one week at a time and changed on same day every week. The fourth week remains free for menstrual bleed. Works by delivering hormones into bloodstream.

Pros - Stays in place, even when swimming or bathing.

Cons - Some women forget to change the patch. A skin reaction can occur on some women.

THE COIL (IUD)

Placed in womb and can be effective for up to five years. It is 98 to 99 per cent effective.

Pros - Long-term, effective and reversible

Cons - Must be inserted by a healthcare professional. Can cause heavy periods. May need surgery for removal.

CONDOMS

Both male and female condoms available. Act as barrier to sperm.

Pros - Gives protection from sexually transmitted diseases. Minimal side effects.

Cons - Only 90 to 98 per cent effective. Can burst or slip off.

PILL

The combined pill contains two hormones, oestrogen and progestogen which stop eggs being released.

Pros - Almost 100 per cent effective. Makes periods more regular and can help women with endometriosis by stopping ovulation.

Cons - Some women have side effects such as weight gain, nausea, headaches and mood swings. Must be taken on time and may fail due to vomiting, diarrhoea or some antibiotics.

MINI PILL

Contains only progestogen and in a much lower dose than combined pill. Thickens cervical mucus and thins lining of womb. Taken every day with no break.

Pros - Suitable for older women and can be used during breastfeeding. Can relieve menstrual symptoms

Cons - Must be remembered on time every day. Irregular periods can occur.

DIAPHRAGM

Diaphragm is dome-shaped and made from latex rubber. Fits inside vagina to cover cervix. Needs to be used with spermicides to kill sperm. Works by stopping sperm swimming into the womb. It is 98 per cent effective if used properly.

Pros - Can be inserted independently of intercourse so does not ruin spontaneity. No side effects.

Cons - Can be messy to use. May increase risk of cystitis.

FEMALE STERILISATION

Surgical procedure where fallopian tubes are cut and tied to prevent sperm and egg passing through.

Pros - Almost 100 per cent effective.

Cons - Not readily reversible. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

VASECTOMY

A surgical procedure designed to prevent sperm passing from the testicles.

Pros - Almost 100 per cent effective.

Cons - Can take three months or more to become effective. Not readily reversible.

WITHDRAWAL METHOD

Involves man withdrawing from woman before ejaculation.

Pros - Costs nothing. No side effects.

Cons - Requires strong motivation and control. Not reliable.